Tjukurpa and Wapar around the Rock

I loved the grasses surrounding the area..

My love of this place is ongoing. It grows still day by day and the lessons I learned there will stay with me for an eternity.  I finally journeyed there in 2012 with my friend Suzy and her Uncle who was the Gumbayngirri elder, Uncle Tom.  Uncle Thomas Kelly was 88 when we went and he has now passed.

The exact time to go here was set down at the creation and we just answered the call.  I recall sitting with Aunty Alison Hunt and listening to her explain Tjukurpa to me for the first time and how Tjukurpa was everything, in everything and it was everything.  I remember the instant correlations to Ancient Hermetic / Natural Law.  It is immutable and governs all and is not man made etc and I understood totally what she meant. 
 
Not a day goes past that I don't allow my mind to wander back along those red paths we walked on ancient ground where we heard the voices of the old people welcoming us and letting us  know they knew we were there and why.   

The following article is informative from a base knowledge on what Tjukurpa is and if you are intending to go to Uluru you should on all accounts familiarize yourself with this out of due respect for the Anangu people and what they have known intimately for thousands and thousands of years.

Tjukurpa is the foundation of Anangu life.

(There is not a single word in English that conveys the complex meaning of Tjukurpa. This is why at Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park we use the Pitjantjatjara word. The Traditional Owners who speak Yankunytjatjara use the word Wapar to mean the same complex body of Law and beliefs).

What is Tjukurpa/Wapar?

The term, Tjukurpa/Wapar, includes many complex but complementary concepts.
Tjukurpa/Wapar encompasses:

• Anangu religion, law and moral systems;
• the past, the present and the future.
• the creation period when ancestral beings, Tjukaritja/Waparitja, created the world as it is now;
• the relationship between people, plants, animals and the physical features of the land; and
• the knowledge of how these relationships came to be, what they mean and how they must be maintained in daily life and in ceremony.

Tjukurpa/Wapar Versus Dreamtime/Dreaming

'Dreamtime' or 'Dreaming' is often used to describe the way Anangu see their origins. This translation, originally made by non-Aboriginal people, suggests the beliefs are unreal and changeable. Tjukurpa/Wapar is no dream, and there is no such word as 'Dreamtime' in Anangu language.
Anangu are pleased that this interaction between themselves and the land has now been recognized as being of World Heritage value.

The Creation Period

The world was once a featureless place. None of the places we know existed until creator beings, in the forms of people, plants and animals, traveled widely across the land. Then, in a process of creation and destruction, they formed the landscape as we know it today. Anangu land is still inhabited by the spirits of dozens of these ancestral creator beings which are referred to as Tjukuritja or Waparitja.

Mala, or rufous hare-wallaby

The journeys and activities of the creator beings are recorded in the landscape. Sites where significant events in their story took place are linked by what we call, iwara (paths or tracks). Some of the sites are so very significant that they are known as 'sacred sites'. Today our people still know where these sites and these iwara are and where they go although there is no physical road. Our grandmothers and grandfathers teach us this.
The iwara (tracks) link places that are sometimes hundreds of kilometres outside the Park and beyond Yankunytjatjara/ Pitjantjatjara country. So they are significant to other groups of indigenous people too.
For example, the Mala Tjukurpa involves three groups of Mala (rufous hare-wallaby) people who travel from the north to reach Uluru. Two groups then flee south and south-east to sites in South Australia. Kuniya Tjukurpa tells of the travels of the Kuniya (Woma Python) from hundreds of kilometres east of Uluru.
Many other Tjukurpa such as Kalaya (Emu), Liru (poisonous snake), Lungkata (blue tongue lizard), Luunpa (kingfisher) and Tjintir-tjintirpa (willie wagtail) travel through the Park. Other Tjukurpa affect only one specific area. Many exploits of Tjukurpa involve ancestral beings going underground.

Kuniya, the woma python, lived in the rocks at Uluru where she fought the Liru, the poisonous snake

Kuniya, the woma python, lived in the rocks at Uluru where she fought the Liru, the poisonous snake.
Anangu landscapes are therefore full of meaning. They represent creation stories and associated knowledge of Law, relationships, plants, and animals represented in the shapes and features of the land. This knowledge has been passed down between the generations from grandparents to grandchildren. With the knowledge comes responsibilities and obligations to care for the land and each other in the proper way.
When Anangu travel across the land they do so with the knowledge of the exploits of the ancestral beings. Their knowledge of the land, and the behaviour and distribution of plants and animals is based on their knowledge of Tjukurpa. The elder people recount, maintain and pass on this knowledge through stories, behaviour, rituals, ceremonies, songs, dances and art.
Tjukurpa is the basis of all Anangu knowledge. The deeper meanings of Tjukurpa, known to the old and most senior people, are the keys that underpin everything in Anangu life - knowledge, attitudes, relationships, economics, spirituality, physical and emotional wellbeing. Tjukurpa connects everything in life. Therefore changes to any part of the land or the relationships have ramifications for other things.

Anangu Moral Belief System Tjukurpa provides Anangu with a whole way of life. It includes rules, obligations, responsibilities and guidelines for relationships. Tjukurpa is the key that underpins Anangu attitudes and guides people's spiritual, physical, mental, emotional, moral and economic behaviour. It guides daily life through a series of symbolic stories and metaphors. The stories are not simple stories, but represent technically complex explanations of the origins and structure of the universe, and the place and behaviour of all elements within it. Ancestors provide the example of how to behave. Understanding of such stories increases throughout their lives. For a child, a story may be a moral tale about greed, while for an adult it may provide complex explanations of ethical behaviour.

Law

Tjukurpa establishes the rules Anangu use to govern society and manage their land. It dictates correct procedures for dealing with problems, and penalties for breaking the Law. The proper way of doing things is the way things are done in Tjukurpa.

Since the coming of non-Aboriginal people Anangu have had to modify some of the penalties under traditional Law. Anangu have also adapted non-Aboriginal law to help enforce Tjukurpa. Sacred sites are protected under Commonwealth and Northern Territory legislation and hunting and foraging rights are protected under the legislation and lease agreement with the Director of National Parks.

The Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park Plan of Management protects Tjukurpa by using it as a guide for making management and policy decisions.

 

Children preparing to learn the Kuniya inma

Passing on Tjukurpa

Tjukurpa is not written down, but is an oral culture. It is a cultural obligation to pass on this knowledge to the right people. Ceremonies play an important role in the passing on of knowledge. Specific people or groups in a kinship system have responsibility to maintain different sections of Tjukurpa. This knowledge is carefully passed on to people who have inherited the right to that knowledge through, for example, their birthplace, or earned the right, for example, by progressive attendance at ceremonies.
There are many interrelated devices for remembering Tjukurpa, such as specific verses of inma (songs), site-related stories, ritual dances or art. The iwara (ancestral paths) are recalled in long sequential lists of sites, sometimes including sites beyond country which has been visited, and including sites belonging to other people.
Tjukurpa is also recorded in various designs and paintings, such as the 'dot' paintings of the Western Desert. These designs are often sacred, and use and creation is restricted to specific groups or individuals.
Some sounds are associated with particular Tjukurpa. The sound of the bullroarer, for example, is associated with secret men's ceremonies. It is for this reason that Anangu don't want bull roarer-like objects sold to tourists in the local area.
Tjukurpa is extremely important to Anangu. They can share some information with non-Aboriginal people, but the secret, sacred information must be protected and remain only with senior Anangu.

Tjukurpa in Park Management

Tjukurpa is the foundation of the Joint Management arrangement at Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park

Tjukurpa and Park Visitors

While Anangu welcome visitors to the Park, they ask that you respect the importance of the place. For Anangu an essential part of 'keeping the Law straight' involves ensuring that knowledge is not imparted to the wrong people and that access to significant or sacred sites is not gained by the wrong people, whether wrong means men or women, Piranpa (non-Aboriginal) visitors or certain other Anangu. It is as appropriate for Anangu to care for these places as it is for non-Aboriginal religions to care for their churches, sacred precincts and relics. Even inadvertent access to some sites may be sacrilegious.

At Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park some areas are fenced off and sometimes photography is restricted to ensure visitors do not inadvertently contravene Tjukurpa restrictions.

Within the bounds of appropriate access, Anangu want visitors to understand how they interpret this landscape through Tjukurpa/Wapar, and believe it will enhance their experience.
Anangu explanations of the Park's landscape form the core of interpretive materials prepared for visitors. These include brochures and signs and the interpretive display at the Cultural Centre.

Reproduced by permission of  © Commonwealth of Australia

Anangu Languages

Anangu is the term that Yankunytjatjara and Pitjantjatjara Aboriginal people from the Western Desert region of Australia use to refer to themselves.
In the past the word Anangu had a more specific usage, being used to refer to a person or people as opposed to other non-human forms of life. Over the years, since contact with Europeans, it has come into common use in the region as a term referring to Aboriginal people, as opposed to non-Aboriginal people, as well as Aboriginal people who come from other parts of Australia.
Many Mutitjulu Anangu speak Yankunytjatjara and Pitjantjatjara. Ngaanyatjarra and Luritja are also spoken in this region. These are all dialects of what linguists term the Western Desert Language, Aboriginal Australia's largest language group. Western Desert dialects are sometimes grouped together and conveniently, though inaccurately, labelled Pitjantjatjara. Anangu who speak Western Desert dialects can be found from Halls Creek and Balgo in the north of Western Australia through to Oodnadatta and Yalata in South Australia.

Approximate Distribution of Languages and Dialects Associated with Uluru

The many different Aboriginal languages and dialects throughout Australia are evidence of the cultural diversity of Aboriginal peoples. Around 250 languages have been recorded and these languages are spoken by more than 500 named language groups.

Pitjantjatjara word definitions

Generally Pitjantjatjara words are used throughout the Park, however significant numbers of people in the Mutitjulu community speak Yankunytjatjara. Here are some words you might encounter:

Yankunytjatjara	Pitjantjatjara	English
tjakipiri	kalaya	emu
kuniya	kuniya	woma python
kurkapi	kurkara	desert oak
wami	liru	poisonous snake
kalamita, langka	lungkata	blue tongue lizard
ruulpa	luunpa	kingfisher
mala	mala	rufous hare wallaby
malu	malu	red kangaroo
ngura	ngura	home
piyanpa	piranpa	white person, non-Aboriginal
waparitja	tjukuritja	ancestral beings of the creation period
wapar	tjukurpa	Law, referring to the creation period
kanku	wiltja	house, shelter
kurku	wanari	mulga tree
mungawayuru	wayuta	brush tail possum

Reproduced by permission of  © Commonwealth of Australia

Images @ Eminpee Fotography

My Great Grandmothers Half Brother - Jackie Howe "Legend Shearer"

About Jackie Howe who is also related to me:  He is my Great Grandmother Annie Chadbourne's half brother born to Jack Howe Snr when her mother Louisa married Jack Snr after the death by drowning of her first husband William "Billy" Chadbourne.

ECHOES OF THE PAST

JACKIE HOWE'S EXPLOITS
DAYS OF LARGE FAMILIES LLAMAS AT CANNING DOWNS

(By "Gooragooby." Dalveen.)

In December, 1848, when John Collins, stud groom at Canning Downs for the previous 40 years, surrendered the position on the eve of his entering into business as Warwick's first hotelkeeper in the newly erected Horse and Jockey Inn, at the corner of Palmerin and Victoria streets, and now the site of the Commercial Hotel, it was Billy Chadbourne, better known to the pioneers of his day as "Billy the Groom," who succeeded Collins as head groom on that historic station. Subsequently, Chadbourne married Miss Stokes, a young woman brought over from Sydney to be a help and companion for Mrs. George Leslie, then occupying the commodious shingled homestead at Canning Downs.

In course of time Mr. and Mrs. William Chadbourne were blessed with two children, a girl and boy, whom they named Annie and Willie. Then a sad calamity befell the humble home, for the father met his death by drowning near Jew's Retreat, endeavouring to swim the Condamine River when in flood early in 1854, the reason for his attempt being the registration of his infant son's birth within the regulation period. Chadbourne's body was recovered, and the interment took place on Canning Downs, midway between the homestead and the farm which was the site of the township's first necropolis.

In after years Chadbourne's only daughter, Annie, became Mrs. William. Baguley. In those bygone days early marriages were the rule rather than the exception, and tradition has it that in 1869, when 17 years of age, Annie Chadbourne married, to be the mother of 15 children, nine sons and six
daughters, and when the call came, in 1931, she left 70 grandchildren and 38 great grandchildren.

My Great Grandparents .... William Adam Baguley married Annie Chadburne,  they had fourteen children their names were Henry, Catherine, William, Richard, Louisa, Annie, Cecilia, James, John, Elizabeth, Mark (grandfather), Arthur and Leslie.

The BAGULEY family married into these families... MOORE, PEGG, SHERRIN, OCHS, HART, ROSS, FAY, HUNTLEY, ROWLING, BURLING, PETERSEN, THORNE, MATHISON, BRADLEY, WARRENER, PEDERSEN, BRADBURY (my grandmother), TAYLOR, LAMB, MUNDEY, DORAN, BROWNING, DEVLIN and GARDENER.
Her brother's (William Chadbourne's) family only totalled 13, three sons and 10 daughters, but between the two of them with 28 children, they certainly played their part in populating the Darling Downs.

About the year 1854 Billy Chadbourne's widow became the wife of Jack Howe, sen., acrobat and clown at Le Rosia's circus, which company he left some time previously when showing at Warwick. Howe's remaining days were spent in the town and district, where he found employment at bushwork, shearing, etc., and finally as town crier. At the time of the Queen's Jubilee functions at Warwick, in 1887, old Jack Howe, in commenting on the day, told a number of us boys that 50 years previously he attended a picnic to soldiers' children, given at Plymouth, England, in honour of Queen Victoria's coronation. He said he was quite a little chap at the time, but remembered the occasion quite well. When the Queen married Prince Albert he attended another picnic, which took place on a wet day.

A son of Jack Howe, sen. (the late Jackie Howe) was referred to in the Daily News last week, as follows

"Many wearers of the sleeveless singlet, which comes into its own during the hot summer months, wonder how that article of man's attire came by its popular name, Jackie Howe." A Warwick native, the late Jackie Howe's name is immortalised in that low necked, sleeveless flannel singlet he introduced to the shearing sheds over 40 years ago.

Jackie Howe, a step-brother to Annie (my great grandmother) and Will Chadbourne, in this connection, held the world's blade shearing record with a tally of 321 sheep in seven hours and forty  minutes, which he accomplished at Alice Downs Station in 1892. Some of the old shearers, envious individuals probably, affirmed that the sheep shorn by Howe were all two-year-old maiden ewes, selected for that particular occasion. Be this as it may, it was a wonderful achievement on Howe's part to put through 321 sheep of any description at an aver-age of slightly more than 1 min. 37 secs. per sheep. Subsequently, at Barcaldine Downs, he used the machines for the first time, his initial effort being 276 sheep in eight hours.

Many feats, of endurance and skill are accredited to Jackie Howe in the Central West. It is asserted "that on one occasion he shore 100 sheep before dinner, rode a push bike 90 miles home before tea, tossed a packet of sweets into the woodheap for the children, and went in to kiss his wife with the swag still on his back."

During the 1898 shearing season Queensland's eighth Governor, Lord Lamington, paid a visit to the Central West, accompanied by Lady Lamington. The Vice-Regal party, whilst doing the rounds of a few of the principal stations in that locality, entered a shearing shed to see in action Jackie Howe, the shearer who put up the big tally some six years previously at Alice Downs Station. Howe, learning of the contemplated visit of the distinguished visitors to the shed, possessed himself of a piece of chalk, and whilst in conversation with her Ladyship, stooped down and marked her boots. Lady, Lamington questioned Howe as to the meaning of the procedure, and was informed that it was expected of her Ladyship to furnish the wherewithal to provide drinks for the shearers in the shed. A sovereign was accordingly handed Howe for that purpose.

Owing to the low price wool was commanding in the fifties, as com-pared with mohair, the Davidsons, of Canning Downs, imported to that station eight or nine llamas, with the object of testing the possibility of the successful raising of mohair on the Downs. However, the experiment did not meet with success. The llamas were eventually transferred to Eton Vale, and subsequently became non-existent. It was Jack Howe, sen., who undertook the first shearing of the llamas, shortly after their arrival from overseas, .and a queer experience was his lot. These animals have a habit of

expectorating a smellful saliva over anyone handling them roughly, as Jack found out to his cost. Before he could go on with the shearing the llamas had to be caught, tied down, and have a nose bag placed on them.

I last saw Jackie Howe, who held the world's blade shearing record, some 47 or more years ago. He was then on a hurried visit to Warwick, and attending an Eastern Downs Society's show, held on the old grounds in Guy-street.

Colonial history of the Darling Downs and my family connections to this....

Since the Leslie brothers led the pastoral advance into what became Queensland in 1840, wool has made important contributions to the Queensland economy. Through both their necessity and militancy, shearers rose to the fore of bush workers in the late 19th century, and Queensland produced the most famous exponent of the shearing boards in the form of John (‘Jackie’) Howe. The son of a circus acrobat, Howe was born at Killarney, near Warwick in 1861, and rose to fame in 1892 when he set a world record by shearing 237 sheep by machine in a single day at Barcaldine Downs. A week later he followed that feat by shearing 321 weaners in one day with blades at Alice Downs. Howe kept clippings of his shearing career in this scrapbook, which extends beyond his retirement from the boards in 1900. He later became a publican and as President of the Blackall Workers’ Political Organisation played a major role in the election of T.J. Ryan to parliament in 1909. His health broken through years of hard work, Howe died at Blackall in 1920.

This is a showcase of early art and photographs of the Darling and Canning Downs.  There is an early photograph of the Canning Downs Homestead to be seen there.

http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/showcase/grass-dukes-and-shepherd-kings
 The Grass Dukes and the Shepherd Kings

Howe, John Robert (1861–1920)

by H. J. Gibbney 

This article was published in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, (MUP), 1983

John Robert Howe (1861?-1920), shearer and publican, was born probably on 26 July 1861 at Killarney near Warwick, Queensland, son of John Howe, circus acrobat turned stockman, and his wife Louisa, née Stokes, who had come to Queensland as a companion to the wife of Patrick Leslie. Howe probably began shearing in the late 1870s and after a season in New Zealand settled at Blackall. At the Roman Catholic church there on 24 April 1890 he married Margaret Alexandra Victoria Short. 

Howe first achieved more than local fame in 1892, when he shore 237 sheep by machine in one day at Barcaldine Downs station early in October, and on the 10th shore 321 weaners with the blades at Alice Downs. In the previous week he had shorn 1437 sheep in 44 hours. An old shearing mate told how other shearers attempted to slow him down by tickling him and jumping on his back, but his feats were recognized by two gold medals, offered for shearing records by Coleman & Sons, eucalyptus manufacturers of Cootamundra, and by the presentation in January 1893 of an inscribed shearing machine from the Wolseley Shearing Machine Co. 

Howe was an enthusiastic member of the Queensland Shearers' Union and prominent on its committee. In 1900 he abandoned shearing and bought the Universal Hotel at Blackall. He moved to the Barcoo Hotel in 1902 but repurchased the Universal in 1907 and retained it until 1919. He remained a loyal member of the Australian Labor Party and, as president of the Blackall Workers' Political Organisation in 1909, took the lead in arranging for T. J. Ryan to stand for election to the Legislative Assembly. Late in life he bought Sumnervale and Shamrock Park, pastoral properties near Blackall. When he moved to Sumnervale in 1919 he was given the biggest send-off in the town's history. However his health was already broken and he died aged 58 at Blackall on 21 July 1920. His wife, six sons and two daughters survived him. He was buried in the local cemetery. 

An 'extraordinary physical specimen', Howe weighed 18 stone (114 kg), with a 50 ins (127 cm) chest, 27½ ins (70 cm) thigh, 17 ins (43 cm) biceps and a hand the size of a small tennis racket. He is reputed to have run 100 yards in eleven seconds in his socks and to have been well above average in field events. He is also known to have taken prizes for Irish dancing. He became a legend long before he died and the flannel shirt worn by shearers is still widely known as a 'Jackie Howe'.

Select Bibliography

• P. J. Brixey, Jackie Howe: Australia's All Time Champion Blade Shearer (Warwick, Qld, 1982)
• Brisbane Courier, 13 Oct 1892
• Pastoral Review, 15 Oct 1892, 15 Nov 1894
• Catholic Advocate, 13 Apr 1916
• Worker (Brisbane), 5 Aug 1920
• private information.

Citation details

H. J. Gibbney, 'Howe, John Robert (1861–1920)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/howe-john-robert-6746/text11655, published first in hardcopy 1983, accessed online 16 October 2015.

This article was first published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, (MUP), 1983

 http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/howe-john-robert-6746

ECHOES OF THE PAST

Jackie Howes Exploits to be transcribed ... TROVE

These extracts are just to give me some idea of the level 

of settlement at the time  

The following extract was in the MORETEN BAY COURIER 1848 
 discussing the township of Warwick soon to be opened.

The former St Mary’s Church, the earliest sandstone
church in Warwick, was completed in 1865. It was
designed by prominent Brisbane architect, Benjamin
Backhouse, and constructed by C.A. Doran for around
£1,500. The roof was originally slated or shingled.
The church was officially opened in August 1865 by
Bishop Quinn, the first Bishop of Queensland. At this
time the church was named St Mary of Assumption,
now popularly shortened to St Mary’s. By 1867 a
Catholic School was established in the church. After
the opening of the new St Mary’s Church in 1926, this
building was partitioned, lined and used as school
rooms for the Catholic Primary School.

http://www.sdrc.qld.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/Heritage%20Trail%20Book.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y

NGR ... Gods! Perceptions have been changed purposely ...

THE ORIGINAL MEANING OF THE "N" WORD HAD A CONNOTATION CONNECTED TO THE GODS

The word "nig..." used to be the most revered and sacred word in the universe. It was the "devine epithet," and the people who began using the mother of all words that originated from this word which was sullied by the British, were the ancient Egyptians or better, the Khemites, who called their land, "Khemet" or "The Black Land," and also used the name, "Ta-merri" or "The Beloved Land."

THE WORD "N-G-R" MEANS "GOD" IN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN

The father of the "n" word was the word used by the ancient Egyptians for "God." That word was "N-g-r" and as one can see, there are no vowels in this word. In the ancient African and even the present African languages (the Afro-Asiatic linguistic family) vowels such as "a,e,i,o,u" are not found in many translations, particularly of ancient Hebrew and Egyptian languages.

In the translation of ancient Egyptian and Hebrew (which is heavily influenced by Egyptian), one will not always find vowels, therefore, very few people will realize that the word for God, which is "N-g-r" pronounced "en-ger" was the Egyptian word for God. In fact, the Egyptian word for "nature," is also the word used for God. That word is "ntyr," (pronounced net-jer." Now prounce the word "nigg.." and the word "net-jer," and one sees the clear connection.

MANY AFRICAN WORDS DENOTING PEOPLE OR IMPORTANT PEOPLE STARTS WITH "N"

In many African languages particularly the Niger-Congo language family. Words that connects with people, Gods, and groups begin with "n" and that word is always the first word. For instance, the word "Nkosi" in Xhosa is "God." The word "Ndaba," in another South African language is "counsil" (or gathering of elders). Many common names also begin with "N".

WORDS OF AFRICAN ORIGINS THAT CAME FROM THE ORIGINAL WORD, "N-G-R" (PROUNOUNCED EN-JER)

N-g-r (Egyptian;pronounced en-jer) = God
N-t-y-r (Egypt; pronounced net-ger) = God, Devine
Negash (Ethiopia; ne-gash) = King
Negus (Ethiopia; ne-goos) = Emperor
Nkosi (Xhosa; en-kosi) = God
Ndaba (Zulu; en-daba) = Counsil/Officials,
Naga (East Indian, Nubian = People
Nugarmarta (West African = People (See the writings of Ibn Buttata's journey to West Africa)

HOW THE N BECAME CORRUPTED

The Romans are probably the first Europeans to misrepresent the word for God, which was "N-g-r"
About the early part of the First Century, Romans tried to invade Ethiopia. (see BLACK HISTORY CHART http://community.webtv.net/nubianem/blackworldnubianempire or go to http://community.webtv.net/paulnubiaempire for a list of Nubian Pharaohs and Queens.

The Romans who were speakers of Latin always knew of Blacks, there were Blacks in Rome, Italy had an ancient Black presence long before the Latins migrated from Central Asia and North Eastern Europe during the 'Aryan' migrations. In fact, the Latin ethnic groups is still in existance in the northern part of Italy even today. This part of Italy still grips about Hannibal's invasion which happened about two thousand two hundred years ago!!!!

The Romans had a name for Blacks, it was "Niger" and it meant Black or people of African origins. Thus, Septimus Niger would have meant, Septimus the Negro. Yet, how did the Romans connect the word "Niger" to Black.

In ancient times, Blacks were worshipped as Gods. The Gods of Greece came from Egypt. The worship of the Black Madonna is connected with the worship of Isis, the Egyptian Goddes. Moreover, Blacks in Egypt called their Pharaohs "En-ger" or "N-g-r" he was literally referred to as "THE GOD."

It is very possible that when the Romans tried to invade Nubia, they asked for the name of the God and the term "N-g-r" was probably used in place of "leader" or "king". In Angola, the same also happened during the 1600's when the word "N-gola" which means "King" (notice the "N" and the "g" in this word as well), came to be "Angola,' the name of a kingdom in south western Africa.
(Read more on Nubian, Egyptian, West African and ancient American trade and commercial connections in ancient times; see the book, "Susu Economics: The History of Pan-African Trade, Commerce, Money and Wealth," published by 1stBooks Library, www.1stbooks.com also see www.barnesandnoble.com

WHERE DID THE ROMANS FIRST HEAR THE ORIGINAL MEANING OF THE "N" WORD.

A Roman general invading Nubia from Egypt would probably have used the Egyptian term for Pharaoh, which was "N-g-r" (God). This term then was used to refer to all Blacks and as time went by, the word N-g-r became Niger. In Fact, the Romans also classified their Emperors as "Gods," to follow the Egyptian style. Moreover, as the History Channel poointed out, "Rome was a collection of villages before the Egyptians built it up."(paraphrased).
The word "em-peror" sounds very close to the word "en-jer." That is not a coincidental connection.

THE WORD "N-G-R" (EN-JER) AFTER IT WAS CORRUPTED BY THE EUROPEANS

Niger = (Latin or Black/African pronounced "ni-ger.")
Nero = Italian for Black
Negre = French for Black
Negro = Spanish for Black

The English called Blacks "Moore" or "Black-a-Moore" before they began using the word
"Negro" to refer to Blacks. FROM THAT WORD CAME THE RACIAL EPITHET, "NIGG.."

In like manner, the racist term for Japanese the mutilation of the word to shorten it into an epithet. Furthermore, the original name for Japan is the Chinese "Ni-Han." Now here is another great mystery that people who study the Niger-Congo linguistic family would quickly notice. EVEN THE WORD "Ni" in the Chinese "Ni-Han," has and ancient African connection. In fact, as Clyde Walters points out, The Chinese language is directly related to the Niger-Congo language which has its roots in the Cameroon region of Africa. In fact, there are thousands of African words from Cameroon to Kenya that have both prefixes and suffixes that are identical to both Chinese and Japanese languages (see also African Presence in Early Asia, by Ivan Van Sertima; Transaction Publishers)

In the Case of "Ni-Han" which may mean "rising sun," there is also a sacred meaning that is found in the word "n-ger," or "ne-gro." Yet, the racist terms "nip," and "nigg..." or "jap," used by racists were and are being used without any understanding of their original meanings. Only hatred and envy comes out of the mouths of those who use racial epithets in their attempt to insult and denegrade others. However, it is up to us to study our history and make these racist words impotent, while at the same time, understanding their original meaning.

Connection with the prefix "ni" with sacred and life:
Ni'le = The Nile River, Life to the Egyptians
Ni-ger = River in West Africa
Niger = Nation in West Africa
Nigeria = Nation in West Africa
Nago = Racist term used by some SE Asians to refer to Black Melanesians of Africoid origins
Nago-Mina = African nationality in Nigeria
Naghual = Aztec word for Shaman or priest. The first Olmec Shamans in Mexico came from Nigeria and elsewhere in West Africa (see Black Civilizations of America http://community.webtv.net/paulnubiaempire

THE ORIGINS OF THE TERM "HUN."

The racist term for whites also comes from a word that struck fear in the hearts of whites during the ancint times. That word is "Hun." The Huns were Mongol barbarians from Mongolia who tried to invade China and finally succeeded. THye invaded Eurasia from Russia all the way to Germany and mixed in with the Caucasians. Hence, the British began calling Germans the term "Hun."
The countries of Hungary, East Germany, northern Italy, Russia, Poland and much of Eastern Europe is mixed with the Mongol invaders. There were Mongol invaders in Turkey, Afghanistan, India, and many nations.

THE MONGOLS WERE DEFEATED BY NUBIANS AND MAMELUKES

When the Huns tried to invade Egypt (sometime in the 1100's), they were met by a strong force of Nubians and Mamelukes (white slaves from slavic, Turkics from Bosnia, Serbia, Albania, Turkey and such nations), who were soldiers for the Egyptian rulers. The Mongols were defeated and that was the end of the Mongol Empire. Moreover, they were thinly spread over Eurasia. They also met a crack cavalry of Nubian horsemen and archers, who had a tradition of archery that extends way back to ancient Egyptian times.
When one studies the history of the Huns in Europe, it is one of the most horrible genocides that existed (the genocide against Black Sudras and Black Australoids in India is another great genocide; see "Sudrology, http://dalitstan.org )
The huns ravaged Europe and are said to spread the blacck plague by shooting plague infested rats in the walled towns of the Europeans to infest them.

WE MUST STUDY OUR HISTORY IN ORDER TO DEVELOP OUR CONSCIOUSNESS AND MAKE PEOPLE'S RACIST REMARKS IMPOTENT

We must study our history. It is by knowing who we are that racist remarks and racial epithets will become impotent. Every time one uses the word "nigg..." to refer to a Black person, they are actually calling that person "God." When we Blacks say that our Afro's and locks are "natural," we don't realize the significance of the word or the true meaning. But something in our consciousness simply cannot be destroyed. To say we are going "natural," means we are going back to being "gods," because the word "natural," comes from the original Egyptian word, "n-t-y-r" which means "God." The ancient Egyptians used a similar word to call their Pharoahs. That word was "N-g-r." The word "Pharaoh," was never used to refer to any Egyptian King. Pharaoh came from the word "Per-o" which was the term for the Great Temple, where the King lived.

P. Barton is author of Susu Economics: The History of Pan-African Trade, Commerce, Money and Wealth," pub. by 1stBooks Library, www.1stbooks.com
A History of the African-Olmecs: pub by 1stBooks Library www.1stbooks.com
Susu and Susunomics: pub by www.iuniverse.com
P. Barton (P. Nubiyang)
http://community.webtv.net/paulnubiaempireNubianem3@webtv.net

CUSSEN .... and my family.

This post is in honour of the man I knew as "Dad".  Jack Cussen (Michael John Cussen).  He and his wife Edith reared me until I was 12 years old in Stanthorpe.  Edith was my Great Aunt and sister of my Grandmother Matilda Peters (nee Butler).



Michael John Cussen b: 17 Sep 1907 d: 13 Mar 2002 + Edith Violet Butler b: 1909 d: 2 Jun 2003

1 Mary Mollis b: 1879 d: 13 May 1918
  + James Cussen b: 1876 d: 27 Jul 1959
    2 David Remous Cussen b: 6 Aug 1900 d: 13 Nov 1970
      + Alice Butler b: Abt 1904
        3 Leonard James Cussen b: Abt 1925 d: Bef 14 Jul 1969
    2 Ellen Cussen b: 13 Dec 1902 d: 28 Jan 2003
    2 Mary Ann Cussen b: 13 Sep 1904 d: 9 Dec 1976
    2 Michael John Cussen b: 17 Sep 1907 d: 13 Mar 2002 + Edith Violet Butler b: 1909 d: 2 Jun 2003
    2 Nora Eileen Cussen b: 30 Jan 1910 d: 1 May 1919
    2 Theresa Cussen b: 30 Jan 1910 d: 4 Nov 1959
      + Richard Cotter b: 1902 d: 30 Jan 1950
    2 Kathleen Cussen b: 17 Dec 1912
    2 Charlotte Cussen b: 23 Aug 1914

http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=DESC&db=wrcushing2&id=P8211

Elohim

In the Mysteries the seven Logi, or Creative Lords, are shown as streams of force issuing from the mouth of the Eternal One. This signifies the spectrum being extracted from the white light of the Supreme Deity.

The seven Creators, or Fabricators, of the inferior spheres were called by the Jews, the Elohim. By the Egyptians they were referred to as the Builders (sometimes as the Governors) and are depicted with great knives in their hands with which they carved the universe from its primordial substance.

Worship of the planets is based upon their acceptation as the cosmic embodiment's of the seven creative attributes of God. The Lords of the planets were described as dwelling within the body of the sun, for the true nature of the sun, being analogous to the white light, contains the seeds of all the tone and color potentiates which it manifests.

Manly P Hall
Source: / <cite>The Secret Teachings of all Ages</cite>

 Who were the Priest class?

Prior to the Renaissance times, the wisdom schools were all across the known lands of the then world and they were apolitical.   The skills of farming and agriculture and the skills of working with fire and metal (metallurgy) were composites of many skills and these seemingly arose hand in hand with the Priest Class. 

Priests, Druids, Medicine men, Shamans and Kadiacha were in fact the first scientists.  These very special people who were especially chosen were the first metallurgists, and commenced the trade of smelting and blacksmithing (alchemy). 

They were also the first philosophers.  Healing and the arts were universally tied together.  These Priest class of people were very special and in no way resemble the preachers, ministers or pastors of the types we see today behind the pulpit.  The original priest class were scientists, artisans and spiritual entertainers.  They were well versed in Natural Law.

On the word Elohim there is so much conjecture around that it is difficult to know who  is actually being reasonable here.

In a view common among both secular scholars and polytheists, the word's plurality is seen as reflective of an early Judaic polytheism. Originally meaning "the gods", or the "sons of El," the supreme being, the word may have been singularized by later monotheist priests who sought to replace worship of the many gods with their own patron god YHWH alone. ABARAM PUBLICATIONS

Yahweh

The Tetragrammaton (Greek meaning word with four letters) is the usual reference to the Hebrew name for God, which is transliterated from the Hebrew as YHWH -- four consonants with no vowels; it is the distinctive personal name of the God of Israel. The popular vocalized form of YHWH is Yahweh.

Of all the names of God, the one which occurs most frequently is the Tetragrammaton. The Biblia Hebraica texts each contain the Tetragrammaton (YHWH) 6,828 times.

In Judaism, the Tetragrammaton is the ineffable name of God, and is not read aloud. In the reading aloud of the scripture or in prayer, it is replaced with Adonai (Lord). Other written forms such as ד׳ or ה׳ are read as Hashem (the Name), for the same reason.


One theory regarding the disuse of the Tetragrammaton is that the Jewish taboo on its pronunciation was so strong that the original pronunciation may have been lost somewhere in the first millennium.

Since then, many scholars (particularly Christians) have sought to reconstruct its original pronunciation.

For example, circa 1518 Christian theologians introduced the pronunciation Yehovah based on the written form with the vowel pointing for Adonai. This is generally held to be implausible but gave rise to alternate vocalizations such as Jahovah and Jehovah.

The theory regarding the disuse of the Tetragrammaton (YHWH) is the result of an interpretation of the Third of the Ten Commandments. The Jewish people stopped saying the Name by the 3rd century out of fear of violating the commandment "You shall not take the name of YHWH your God in vain" (Exodus 20:7).

It is possible that the practice was in effect prior to early Christian times as Jesus prayed to the Father " I have made your name known" (John 17:26).

Tetragrammaton Meaning

According to one Jewish tradition, the Tetragrammaton is related to the causative form, the imperfect state, of the Hebrew verb הוה (ha·wah, “to be, to become”), meaning “He will cause to become” (usually understood as “He causes to become”).


Another tradition regards the name as coming from three different verb forms sharing the same root YWH, the words HYH haya (היה): “He was”; HWH howê (הוה): “He is”; and YHYH yihiyê (יהיה): “He will be”. This would therefore show that God is timeless and self-existent.

Other interpretations include the name as meaning “I am the One Who Is.” This can be seen in the O. T. biblical account of the “burning bush” commanding Moses to tell the sons of Israel that “I AM (אהיה) has sent you,” (Exodus 3:13–14).

Some suggest, “I AM the One I AM” [אהיה אשר אהיה]. This may also fit the interpretation as “He Causes to Become.”   Source: http://www.theopedia.com/yahweh

• The noun עין ('ayin), meaning eye, produces the verb עין ('in), meaning to eye
  (1 Samuel 18:9).
• The identical noun עין ('ayin), now meaning spring or fountain, produces the noun מעין (ma'yan), also meaning spring.  Source : ABARAM PUBLICATIONS

The name Mary and Miriam come from the Hebrew word Mayam which means water or even virgin water.

Malware & Other Threats

 Internet Security FAQ | Malware & Other Threats |

Andrzej Cybulski - Image Flickr

Kaspersky Lab US: Learn about and compare the home computer security products that Kaspersky Lab offers, like Kaspersky Internet Security 2014 and Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2014.

Internet Security FAQ

PCs, Mac computers, laptops, smartphones, and tablets are all subject to an ever growing variety of malicious software programs and other security threats. As a first step towards securing your  devices and protecting yourself online, it’s worth ensuring you have a good understanding of the major categories of malware and other threats.

 

 What is Malware?

The name malware is short for ‘malicious software’. Malware includes any software program that has been created to perform an unauthorized – and often harmful – action on a user’s device. Examples of malware include:

• Computer viruses
• Word and Excel macro viruses
• Boot sector viruses
• Script viruses – including batch, Windows shell, Java, and others
• Keyloggers
• Password stealers
• Backdoor Trojan viruses
• Other Trojan viruses
• Crimeware
• Spyware
• Adware… and many other types of malicious software programs

For more information about Malware, see the following articles – ‘Who Creates Malware?’ and ‘Malware Classifications’.

What is the difference between a computer virus and a worm?

• Computer virus
  This is a type of malicious program that can replicate itself – so that it can spread from file to file on a computer, and can also spread from one computer to another.  Computer viruses are often programmed to perform damaging actions – such as corrupting or deleting data.  The longer a virus remains undetected on your machine, the greater the number of infected files that may be on your computer.
• Worms
  Worms are generally considered to be a subset of computer viruses – but with some specific differences:
  
  • A worm is a computer program that replicates, but does not infect other files.
  • The worm will install itself once on a computer – and then look for a way to spread to other computers.
  • Whereas a virus is a set of code that adds itself to existing files, a worm exists as a separate, standalone file.

For more information about computer viruses and worms, see the following article – ‘What is a Computer Virus or a Computer Worm ?’

What is a Trojan virus?

A Trojan is effectively a program that pretends to be legitimate software – but, when launched,
it will perform a harmful action. Unlike computer viruses and worms,  Trojans cannot spread by themselves. Typically, Trojans are installed secretly and they deliver their malicious payload without the user’s knowledge.

Cybercriminals use many different types of Trojans – and each has been designed to perform a specific malicious function. The most common are:

• Backdoor Trojans (these often include a keylogger)
• Trojan Spies
• Password stealing Trojans
• Trojan Proxies – that convert your computer into a spam distribution machine

For more information about Trojans, see the following article – ‘What is a Trojan?’

Why are Trojan viruses called Trojans?

In Greek mythology – during the Trojan war – the Greeks used subterfuge to enter the city of
Troy. The Greeks constructed a massive wooden horse – and, unaware that the horse contained Greek soldiers, the Trojans pulled the horse into
the city. At night, the Greek soldiers escaped from the horse and openedthe city gates – for the Greek army to enter Troy.
Today, Trojan viruses use subterfuge to enter unsuspecting users’ computers and devices.
For more information about Trojans, see the following article – ‘What is a Trojan?’

What is a Keylogger?

A keylogger is a program that can record what you type on your computer keyboard. Criminals use
keyloggers to obtain confidential data – such as login details, passwords, credit card numbers, PINs, and other items. Backdoor Trojans typically include an integrated keylogger.

What is Phishing?

Phishing is a very specific type of cybercrime that is designed to trick you into disclosing valuable information – such as details about your bank account or credit cards. Often, cybercriminals will create a fake website that looks just like a legitimate site – such as a bank’s official website. The cybercriminal will try to trick you into visiting their fake site – typically by sending you an email that contains a hyperlink to the fake site. When you visit the fake website, it will generally ask you to type in confidential data – such as your login, password, or PIN.

For more information about Phishing, see the following page – ‘Spam and Phishing’.

What is Spyware?

Spyware is software that is designed to collect your data and send it to a third party – without your knowledge or consent. Spyware programs will often:

• Monitor the keys you press on your keyboard – using a keylogger
• Collect confidential information – such as your passwords, credit card numbers, PIN numbers, and more
• Gather – or ‘harvest’ – email addresses from your computer
• Track your Internet browsing habits

In addition to the potential damage that can be caused if criminals have access to this type of information, spyware also has a negative effect on your computer’s performance.

What is a ‘Drive-by Download’?

In a drive-by download, your computer becomes infected just because you visit a website that happens to contain malicious code.

Cybercriminals search the Internet – looking for vulnerable web servers that can be hacked. When a vulnerable server is found, the cybercriminals can inject their malicious code onto the server’s web
pages. If your computer’s operating system – or one of the applications running on your computer – has an unpatched vulnerability, a malicious program will be automatically downloaded onto your computer when you visit the infected web page.

What is a Rootkit?

Rootkits are programs that hackers use in order to evade detection while trying to gain unauthorized access to a computer. Rootkits have been used increasingly as a form of stealth to hide Trojan virus activity. When installed on a computer, rootkits are invisible to the user and also take steps to avoid being detected by security software.

The fact that many people log into their computers with administrator rights – rather than creating a separate account with restricted access – makes it easier for cybercriminals to install a rootkit.

What is ADWARE?

Adware programs either launch advertisements – such as pop-up banners – on your computer or
they can redirect search results to promotional websites.

• Adware is often built into freeware or shareware programs.  If you
  download a freeware / shareware program, adware may be installed on your
  system without your knowledge or consent.
• Sometimes a Trojan virus will secretly download an adware program from a website and install it on your computer.

If your web browser doesn’t have the latest updates, it may contain vulnerabilities that can be exploited by hackers’ tools – or Browser Hijackers – that can download adware onto your computer. Browser Hijackers can change browser settings, redirect incorrectly typed or incomplete URLs to a specific site, or change your default homepage.  They may also redirect Internet searches to pay-to-view and pornographic websites.

For more information about Adware, see the following article – ‘Adware, Pornware, and Riskware’.

What is a Botnet?

A botnet is a network of computers controlled by cybercriminals using a Trojan virus or other malicious program.

For more information about botnets, see the following article – ‘What is a Botnet?’.

What is a DoS attack?

Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks are designed to hinder or stop the normal functioning of a website, server, or other network resource. Hackers can achieve this in several different ways – such as sending a server many more requests than the server is able to cope with. This will make the server run slowly – so that web pages will take much longer to open – and can make the server crash completely, so that all websites on the server are unavailable.

What is a DDoS attack?

A Distributed-Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack is similar to a DoS.  However, a DDoS attack is conducted using multiple machines. Usually, for a DDoS attack, the hacker will use one security compromised computer as the ‘master’ machine that co-ordinates the attack by other ‘zombie machines’. Typically, the cybercriminal will compromise the security on the master and all of the zombie machines, by exploiting a vulnerability in an application on each computer – to install a Trojan or other piece of malicious code.

For more information about DDoS attacks, see the following article – ‘Distributed Network Attacks / DDoS’.

I have used Kaspersky security on my computers for over fifteen years.  I find Kaspersky to be the best there is out there.  Its well worth checking it out next time you need good security.  MEP

Images @ Eminpee Fotography

Carnival .... now where did this word originate?

Image Source: Mauricio Santana

So it seems rather inane, but according to some we might be wrong with this.  Carnival is something we equate to fun and pretty lights and people celebrating but this word seems to have a very dark past. 

Nimrod who was known also as Baal brought in a demented idea of human sacrifice and cannibalism to the ritual practices.

“The priests of Nimrod or Baal were necessarily required to eat of the human sacrifices; and thus it has come to pass that ‘Cahna-Bal’ (cahna meaning priest & Bal referring to Baal) is the established word (cannibal) in our own tongue for a devourer of human flesh.” - Alexander Hislop

Hence this innocent sounding word 'Carnival' also relates to the same dastardly history. Cannibalism derives from Caníbales, the Spanish name for the Caribs, a West Indies tribe that formerly practiced cannibalism. 

The Korowai tribe located in the south-eastern area of Indonesian West Papua is reported to be one of the last known tribes of the world who take part in ritual cannibalism. A local cannibal cult killed and ate victims as late as 2012.  

So after reading the histories of several cultures who engaged in this practice - it is clear to me that the Japanese who ate prisoners during the war was a terribly low point in humanity. 

So is Carnival and Cannibal distantly related?  Probably, because festivals were originally times of offerings to the Gods for good favor for the year ahead or for giving thanks.   Today's festivals both secular and religious all stem from these original practices.

Saltwater - Freshwater Festival, Coffs Harbour NSW

Images @ Eminpee Fotography

Environmentalist’s brother wants to locate a 'highway service centre, 200 room hotel and a residential subdivision' in this area

By Adele Carrall-Browne· 

Monday, 3 October 2016

Historic Bulahdelah Mountain (long-term nickname: the Alum Mountain, traditional name: Boolah Dillah, the Great Rock), which previously attracted 7,000 (seven thousand) plus visitors per year (ref. Forestry Commission), has had much of its western mid-slopes blasted and excavated for the corruptly processed, fraudulently named, Bulahdelah Bypass – route Option E.

Extreme water runoff has severely eroded the road to the mountain's upper regions. They are now closed to vehicular access. Landslides have occurred at about 180 metres above sea level in the historic mining quarry adjacent to what was once an accessible and much used car park.

The northern area of the township has been massively scarred by the Option E northern interchange, so gargantuan a monstrosity that its size was questioned by the usually unquestioning Department of Planning. (Ref. Bulahdelah EIS Submissions Report.) 

The community has been permanently disunified due to lack of transparency on the part of Roads & Maritime Services (RMS, the renamed Roads & Traffic Authority, RTA), with (but not limited to) attempted murders and other violent assaults having been incited and perpetrated by supporters of the (then) RTA’s intended destruction. 

Now, Peter Kampfner, brother of renowned environmentalist John Seed, intends to destroy more of the Bulahdelah – Boolah Dillah – area with a 'highway service centre, 200 room hotel and a residential subdivision'.

Image from LJ Hooker’s “Mortgagee Sale” listing.prior to purchase by Peter Kampfner/Hamptons Property Services. Image accessed at: https://bulahdelahnsw.wordpress.com/local-government-great-lakes-council/

• THE MID NORTH COAST and HUNTER REGION TOWNSHIP OF BULAHDELAH LACKS THE INFRASTRUCTURE TO SUPPORT ITS CURRENT POPULACE. (At the time of the 2011 census, the locality population was 1,519, with 69% of said population living within the township.)
• A LARGE PART OF HISTORIC BULAHDELAH (THE ALUM) MOUNTAIN, INCLUDING (but not limited to) RARE AND THREATENED SPECIES HABITAT, HAS ALREADY BEEN DESTROYED.
• THE MOUNTAIN IS GOVERNMENT-DOCUMENTED AS BEING ‘PARTICULARLY PRONE TO MASS MOVEMENT (landslides) AND ROCKFALL’ (ref. Soil Landscapes of the Dungog 1:100 000 Sheet – Henderson, DLWC, 2000).
• A DECLARED ABORIGINAL PLACE IS ADJACENT TO THE AREA OUTLINED IN THE ABOVE PHOTOGRAPH.

The 'development' i.e. destruction proposal’s propaganda machine touts the intended 'highway service centre, 200 room hotel and a residential subdivision' as resulting in a '33 percent increase in population' plus 'an additional 800 visitors from the hotel each week' and states: ‘Bulahdelah would be heavily promoted to funnel people into the town’.

Parking at the local shopping centre has been almost halved (presumably to give the impression that the corruptly processed, fraudulently named, Bulahdelah Bypass - route Option E - has not caused a reduction in passing trade). Residents – including the elderly – frequently find that they can only find parking spaces well away from the shops they need to access. For some, if not many, this is not merely a frustrating process, the walk to and from the shops can be physically painful.

There is no longer a hospital (the hospital building has been turned into a so-called 'medical centre' which has two part-time doctors). People with serious conditions and suspected conditions have to wait days before being able to access a doctor. For those who are willing and able to travel away – instead of, as has already been the case, 'just' waiting, in pain, to possibly die – the closest hospitals are some 75 kilometres away at Taree or over 94 kilometres away at Newcastle. Even with an appointment, delays at the ‘medical centre’ can be considerable with the line-up of patients extending from the waiting room along the outdoor verandah.

As at 2nd October, 2016, MidCoast Council's website does not have any search results whatsoever for Bulahdelah. The above image is a screen capture of search results of said date for Bulahdelah Development Applications.

Yet, according to a 21/9/'16 News of the Area article: 'Hamptons Property Services representative Mrs Kristy Hodgkinson said the land for the project had been purchased by two private investors in August last year and a planning proposal had been submitted to MidCoast Council. ...

Mrs Hodgkinson said MidCoast Council had appointed an Independent Consultant to examine the proposal'.

Meetings regarding the intended 'development' i.e. destruction have been taking place for some time but the community was not notified of same by letterbox drop (flyer) until Friday, 30th September, '16.

For more information regarding this please consult the following links

Bulahdelah (the Alum) Mountain - documentation
https://www.facebook.com/groups/630656100409609/

About the Bulahdelah Bypass - the Facts!
https://www.facebook.com/groups/165097633503/

Save the Alum Sacred Mountain, Bulahdelah
https://www.facebook.com/groups/121807998591/

For some of the scheme's history: https://bulahdelahnsw.wordpress.com/local-government-great-lakes-council/

My personal addition

I would add that many long thankless years have been spend by Adele the author of this article in documenting the corrupt nature of the actions of the now defunct RTA  and the new RMS and the destruction of sacred sites and the mismanagement of places deemed special.   

Roads and Maritime Services was the new name they gave themselves.   We are under Maritime Law.  I believe this is why this change occurred - perhaps we had them before and we didn't know it.